The mountainous countries of Turkestan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan contain multiple areas of montane woodland. Mountain ranges where montane woodland exist include the Gissaro-Alai, Kopet Dag, Elburz Range, Zagros and Sulaiman Range. Temperature and precipitation variation are high in these systems due to changes in elevation. Juniper tree species (Juniperus spp) are common throughout all of the mountain systems with shrub species, such as barberry (Berberis spp) and sagebrush (Artemisia spp) and grasses comprising a sparse understory.